El Niño衰减年初夏西太副高准静止时期南北位置差异及其成因
doi: 10.13878/j.cnki.dqkxxb.20251020006
严琪1,2 , 冯娟3 , 陈文1,2
1. 大学地球科学学院大气科学系,云南 650500
2. 云南大学云南省大湄公河次区域气象灾害与气候资源重点实验室/云南省季风与极端气候灾害国际联合实验室,云南 650500
3. 科学院大气物理研究所季风系统研究中心,北京 100029
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目(42375046) ; 云南大学研究生科研创新项目(KC-24249435)
North-south displacement of the western Pacific subtropical high during the early-summer quasi-stationary stage in El Niño decaying years and its mechanisms
YAN Qi1,2 , FENG Juan3 , CHEN Wen1,2
1. epartment of Atmospheric Sciences,School of Earth Sciences,Yunnan University,Kunming 650500 ,China
2. unnan Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disasters and Climate Resources in the Greater Mekong Subregion/Yunnan International Joint Laboratory of Monsoon and Extreme Climate Disasters,Yunnan University,Kunming 650500 ,China
3. enter for Monsoon System Research,Institute of Atmospheric Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100029 ,China
摘要
基于1958—2020年ERA5再分析数据,探讨了El Niño衰减年初夏西太平洋副热带高压(简称西太副高)在准静止阶段的南北位置差异及其对中国初夏降水的影响。结果表明,当El Niño衰减年副高脊线显著偏北时,副高强度强于气候态,形态上呈现明显西伸与北抬。在异常环流场上,西北太平洋异常反气旋(western North Pacific anomalous anticyclone,WNPAAC)强盛且宽广,北界可达35°N,导致了副高在准静止阶段位置偏北。同时,西太副高引导水汽向较高纬度输送,造成长江以北降水偏多、华南降水偏少。而当El Niño衰减年初夏西太副高偏南时,其强度较副高偏北时减弱,主体位置更偏向西南。在异常环流场上,WNPAAC主要位于较低纬度,致使副高在准静止时期位置偏南。另外,西太副高将水汽主要输送至低纬度地区,造成长江以南降水偏多、以北偏少,形成与西太副高偏北组完全不同的降水分布型。WNPAAC在副高准静止阶段南北位置差异的形成中起到了关键作用。进一步分析表明,El Niño衰减年初夏WNPAAC的差异主要受热带海温异常空间分布的调控。在副高偏北年,WNPAAC的形成主要受热带北大西洋强迫;而在副高偏南年,北印度洋增暖则成为激发WNPAAC的关键因子。
Abstract

The western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) is a key large-scale circulation system of the East Asian summer monsoon and exerts a strong influence on summer climate and extreme weather events over East Asia,including severe flooding and prolonged heatwaves. The seasonal evolution of the WPSH is characterized by distinct northward jumps separated by quasi-stationary stages. El Niño,a dominant mode of interannual variability in the tropical Pacific,plays an important role in modulating the WPSH,particularly during the summer following its peak,mainly through the generation of a western North Pacific anomalous anticyclone (WNPAAC). Therefore,understanding the subseasonal variability of the WPSH and its meridional displacement during quasi-stationary periods in El Niño decaying years is important for improving seasonal climate prediction and disaster mitigation.This study systematically investigates the north-south displacement of the WPSH during its early-summer quasi-stationary stage (defined as the period between the first and second northward jumps) in El Niño decaying years. The associated dynamical mechanisms and their impacts on precipitation anomalies over China are also examined. Daily ERA5 reanalysis data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF),including geopotential height,wind,precipitation,and sea surface temperature (SST),are analyzed for the period 1958—2020. Twenty El Niño events are identified using the Niño3.4 index. To quantify the meridional position of the WPSH,a ridge line index is constructed. A Butterworth filter is applied to remove decadal-scale variability and isolate higher-frequency signals. Based on a ±0.5 standard deviation threshold of the filtered ridge line index,El Niño decaying years are classified into a northward-shifted group (6 years) and a southward-shifted group (9 years). Composite analysis and the Gill-Matsuno theoretical framework are then used to diagnose circulation differences and the dynamical forcing associated with SST anomalies.

The results reveal pronounced differences in atmospheric circulation,precipitation patterns,and SST forcing between the two groups. In the northward-shifted group,the WPSH is stronger than the climatological mean and exhibits a marked westward extension and northward displacement. This pattern is associated with a strong and extensive WNPAAC in the lower and middle troposphere that extends north of 35°N. As a result,enhanced moisture transport toward higher latitudes leads to above-normal precipitation north of the Yangtze River and below-normal precipitation over South China. In contrast,in the southward-shifted group,the WPSH is weaker and located farther southwest. The WNPAAC is confined to lower latitudes and is accompanied by a Pacific-Japan (P-J) or East Asia-Pacific (EAP) teleconnection pattern featuring a cyclonic anomaly over the Sea of Japan. This configuration limits northward moisture transport,resulting in increased precipitation south of the Yangtze River and reduced rainfall to the north.

Further analysis indicates that these differences are closely related to distinct patterns of tropical SST anomalies. In the northward-shifted group,significant warming in the Tropical North Atlantic (TNA) plays a dominant role by suppressing convection over the Pacific and inducing a broad WNPAAC that extends northward. In contrast,in the southward-shifted group,pronounced warming in the North Indian Ocean (NIO) excites an eastward-propagating Kelvin wave,producing low-latitude easterly anomalies and suppressing convection in the tropical western Pacific. This process generates a more southward-confined WNPAAC and consequently maintains the WPSH in a more southern position.

Overall,the meridional displacement of the WPSH during the early-summer quasi-stationary stage in El Niño decaying years is primarily controlled by the latitudinal position of the WNPAAC. The contrasting influences of TNA warming and NIO warming highlight the important role of tropical air-sea interactions in shaping the SST-convection-circulation linkage that modulates subseasonal variability of the East Asian summer monsoon. These findings improve our understanding of the mechanisms governing WPSH variability and may contribute to better prediction of East Asian summer precipitation. Future work should examine the meridional displacement of the WPSH during the subsequent quasi-stationary stage following the second northward jump,which corresponds to the North China rainy season,to further improve the predictability of summer climate extremes.

西太平洋副热带高压(简称西太副高)是东亚夏季风系统中最为关键的大尺度环流系统之一,对东亚夏季气候有重要影响(Tao and Chen,1987; 张庆云和陶诗言,1999; Huang et al.,2007)。西太副高最显著的特征表现为其季节性的南北进退,从6月初夏到8月盛夏期间,西太副高通常经历两次明显的北跳和两次准静止阶段:在气候态上,6月初副高发生第一次北跳后进入准静止阶段,相应地江淮梅雨开始并持续到7月。7月初,副高发生第二次北跳后再次进入准静止阶段,雨带随之北推至华北及东北地区,并维持约1个月(陶诗言和卫婕,2006; 祝从文等,2019; Dong and He,2020)。西太副高的异常进退与中国灾害性天气气候事件密切相关。例如,1998年6月中旬副高完成第一次北跳后,在其准静止阶段,持续时间异常偏长; 而在7月中旬发生第二次北跳后,西太副高又南撤至江淮地区,导致长江流域灾害性天气频发(陶诗言等,1998; Pan et al.,2023); 2021年7月,西太副高强度偏强且位置稳定,引发包括郑州在内的黄淮地区出现极端降水和严重城市内涝(冉令坤等,2021; Hu et al.,2023); 2022年初夏,西太副高北跳异常偏北,导致长江流域出现中华人民共和国成立以来最为严重的高温干旱事件(郝立生等,2022; 唐樱歌等,2024; Zhang et al.,2024; Jiang et al.,2025)。上述异常天气气候事件均与西太副高的北进活动密切相关,伴随着持续性的局地强降水和大范围旱涝灾害,对人民生命财产安全及社会经济发展构成了严重威胁(Yang et al.,2012; Zhang et al.,2017; Liu et al,2021; Wang et al.,2022; Zhou and Li,2022; 孙博等,2023; Liu et al.,2025)。因此,开展副热带高压季节内变异的规律和特征研究,具有重要的科学意义和社会效益。
El Niño作为热带太平洋海气耦合系统中最强的年际变率信号,在西太副高的变异中起着关键调控作用(符淙斌和滕星林,1988; 赵俊杰等,2016; Chen et al.,2019; 罗婷等,2019; 段欣妤等,2020; 王黎娟等,2020),其对副高显著影响主要体现在El Niño衰减期的夏季:在此期间,El Niño通过激发西北太平洋异常反气旋(Huang and Wu,1989; Chang et al.,2000; Lu and Dong,2005; Feng et al.,2011; Li et al.,2017; 陈文等,2018; 郭胜利等,2018; Xue et al.,2018; Hu et al.,2019; Wen et al.,2020; 陈文等,2024),在不同时间尺度上影响副高活动,对东亚地区气候产生显著影响(Wang et al.,2000; 陈文,2002; Xie et al.,2009; Ham et al.,2013; Zhou et al.,2019; Piao et al.,2020; Wen and Hao,2021; Feng and Chen,2022)。在季节内尺度上,薛峰等(2018)对比分析了两次强El Niño事件衰减年(1998和2016年)西太副高季节内活动特征,发现这两年的副高在6月和7月的北移活动相似,而在8月存在显著差异。Feng et al.(2014)研究指出,在PDO(Pacific Decadal Oscillation,太平洋年代际振荡)高位相下,El Niño衰减期夏季副高在6月至7月北移显著,而在7月至8月北移不明显,导致8月副高位置偏南,异常降雨带位于中国中部; 在PDO低位相下,副高在两个时段内均显著北移,导致副高在8月位置偏北,异常降雨带也随之扩展至东北地区。Hu et al.(2023)利用海气耦合模式开展大样本的集合气候预测试验,认为2021年7月副高异常偏北的可预报性分量主要来自La Niña型海温异常的强迫。可见热带海温异常是西太副高季节内变化具有可预报性的重要物理基础。
尽管ENSO对西太副高季节内变化的影响研究已得到广泛关注,但副高的季节内演变本身就是一个复杂过程,常伴随着阶段性北跳与准静止维持特征。已有研究多基于自然月气象场展开分析,然而副高的季节性北移并不以自然月为时间节点。因此,有必要以副高北跳发生时间为基准,以其北跳后准静止时期的气象场为目标,来开展ENSO对副高季节内活动影响的研究,从而更准确地揭示ENSO对副高季节内活动的影响。本研究聚焦于El Niño衰减年初夏期间(即6—7月间副高北跳后的准静止阶段,通常称为江淮梅雨期),探讨副高在其准静止阶段位置的南北差异及其对中国初夏降水异常的影响。
既往的个例研究表明,El Niño衰减年初夏西太副高在准静止时期位置的南北差异,对中国旱涝灾害发生区域有重要影响。例如,在2003年(El Niño衰减年),副高在初夏准静止阶段位置偏北,导致异常降雨带向北推至黄淮流域,而长江以南的华南地区则降水偏少(图1a); 相反地,在1995年,副高在准静止阶段位置较气候态偏南,主要异常雨带位于长江以南,长江以北降水则偏少(图1b)。上述个例虽揭示了副高位置与雨带分布之间的可能联系,但结论仍受个例分析局限性的影响。为此,本文基于历史El Niño衰减年事件,系统分析初夏副高在准静止时期位置南北差异的特征,并进一步探讨其成因及其对异常雨带分布的影响机制。
1 资料与方法
本文分别使用了空间分辨率为1.0°×1.0°和2.5°×2.5°的欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)提供的逐日ERA5再分析资料,包括水平风场、位势高度场、降水以及平均海表温度(Hersbach et al.,2020)。其中,1.0°×1.0°更高分辨率的资料用于计算西太副高脊线指数以及降水,2.5°×2.5°分辨率的数据用于绘制大尺度环流。所用数据的时间范围为1958—2020年,共63 a。
El Niño事件的选取方法为:若Niño3.4区域(120°~170°W,5°S~5°N)平均海表温度异常的3 mon滑动平均值连续5 mon超过0.5℃,则定义为1次El Niño事件,其中气候态定义为每5 a更新1次的30 a气候平均海表温度。按照上述标准,最终得到20个El Niño事件(1958—1959、1963—1964、1965—1966、1968—1969、1969—1970、1972—1973、1976—1977、1977—1978、1979—1980、1982—1983、1986—1988、1991—1992、1994—1995、1997—1998、2002—2003、2004—2005、2009—2010、2015—2016、2018—2019、2019—2020年),选取每个事件的后一年作为衰减年。
1El Niño衰减年初夏副高准静止时期的降水异常(填色; 单位:mm·d-1)和500 hPa副高范围(5 880 gpm等值线)及其脊线(5 880 gpm等值线内部实线; 单位:(°)),其中黑线、红线、蓝线分别代表气候平均(1958—2020年6月5日—7月15日)、2003年(6月10日—8月4日;a)以及1995年(5月26日—7月20日; b)的情况
Fig.1Precipitation anomalies (shaded; units: mm·d-1) during the quasi-stationary period of the WPSH in El Niño decaying early summer, together with the500 hPa extent of the WPSH (5 880 gpm contour) and its ridge line (solid line; units: (°) ) . The black, red, and blue lines represent the climatological mean (June5—July 15, 1958—2020) , (a) the year 2003 (10 June—4 August) , and (b) the year 1995 (26 May—20 July) , respectively
采用刘芸芸等(2012)对西太副高脊线指数的定义方法,来刻画副高在El Niño衰减年初夏的北进过程。具体定义为:在10°N以北110°~150°E范围内,5880 gpm等值线所包围的副热带高压体内纬向风u=0、u/y>0的特征线所在纬度位置的平均值; 若不存在5880 gpm等值线,则改为选取5860 gpm等值线所包围的区域,按照相同标准确定特征线位置并计算平均值; 若5860 gpm等值线也未出现,则改为选取5840 gpm等值线,按相同标准计算其特征线位置的平均值; 如果在某个候内没有找到5840 gpm等值线,则使用该候1958—2020年历史最低值来代替。
本文首先计算了1958—2020年共63 a夏季逐日西太副高脊线指数,将其处理为候尺度数据(第25—54候)。具体处理方法为:定义5月1—5日为第25候,以此类推,每5 d为1候,至9月23—27日,为第54候; 每一候的脊线指数为该候内各日脊线指数的算术平均值。为了确定初夏(6—7月)副高的准静止时期,需首先确定其在夏季的第一次和第二次北跳时间。本文将两次北跳之间的时段界定为所要研究的准静止时期(即气候意义上的江淮梅雨期)。参考Ye et al.(2014)的定义,将副高第一次(第二次)北跳定义为脊线首次北移过20°N(27°N)的候,并要求随后连续两候脊线位置均维持在20°N(27°N)以北。经与中国国家气候中心(National Climate Center,NCC)梅雨监测资料中的起止日期对比,该定义方法的合理性得到了验证。图2为1958—2020年夏季气候态的西太副高脊线指数演变情况。可见,6月第一候副高脊线位于约20°N,此时脊线指数经向变化幅度最大,对应副高第一次北跳过程; 7月第三候,脊线北移至约27°N,其经向变化幅度在7月达到峰值,对应副高第二次北跳(Wang et al.,2023)。
图3给出了1958—2020年逐年初夏准静止时期平均的副高脊线指数异常分布,其中正异常表示该年副高脊线位置较气候态偏北,负异常表示偏南。为了去除年代际信号的影响,本文采用Butterworth滤波器对西太副高准静止时期的脊线指数序列及相关的气象要素场进行了10 a高通滤波处理。本文定义副高脊线指数大于正0.5个标准差为“副高偏北年”,小于负0.5个标准差为“副高偏南年”。基于该标准,最终选出6个El Niño衰减年初夏副高偏北个例(1964、1977、1980、2003、2005、2016年,偏北组),以及9个El Niño 衰减年副高偏南个例(1959、1966、1973、1978、1992、1995、2007、2010、2019年,偏南组)。
21958—2020夏季气候态逐候脊线指数(黑线;单位:(°))和脊线指数经向位置候变化量(蓝色柱体;单位:(°))。横坐标为某月第几候(如5-1表示5月第1候); 红、蓝实线分别代表第一次、第二次北跳时间,红、蓝虚线分别表示20°N、27°N
Fig.2Summer ridge-line index of the WPSH (black line; units: (°) ) and pentad variations in the meridional displacement of the ridge-line index (blue bars; units: (°) ) during1958—2020. The x-axis indicates pentad sequence (e.g., 5-1 denotes the first pentad of May) . The red and blue solid lines denote the first and second northward jumps, respectively. The red and blue dashed lines indicate20°N and 27°N, respectively
31958—2020初夏准静止时期平均的副高脊线指数异常序列(灰线;单位:(°))。黑色实线为滤波后的副高脊线指数异常序列,红色虚线代表0.5个标准差,蓝色虚线代表-0.5个标准差;红色和蓝色圆点分别代表选定的El Niño衰减年副高位置偏北组和偏南组
Fig.3Time series of mean WPSH ridge-line index anomalies during the quasi-stationary period of early summer from 1958 to 2020 (gray line; units: (°) ) . The black solid line shows the filtered ridgeline index anomalies. The red and blue dashed line indicate thresholds of +0.5 and-0.5 standard deviations, respectively. Red and blue dots represent selected El Niño decaying years for the northward-shifted and southward-shifted WPSH groups, respectively
2 El Niño衰减年初夏西太副高南北位置差异特征
西太副高在夏季表现为副热带西北太平洋上空深厚的暖性环流系统,其主体通常位于对流层中低层。研究中常以500 hPa等压面上5 880 gpm等值线所围区域表征西太副高的范围与形态。本文进一步采用副高脊线的变化,来描述其在初夏时期的经向位置特征。从气候平均态来看,初夏准静止时期脊线平均位于23.77°N(图4)。比较而言,在El Niño衰减年脊线偏北组中,平均脊线位置北移至25.12°N,副高主体范围显著偏北,强度亦有所增强,与气候态之间存在显著差异。而在El Niño年脊线偏南组中,脊线位于较低纬度,平均位置南落至22.52°N,副高主体明显偏向西南(图4)。
41958—2020年初夏副高准静止时期脊线(实线;单位:(°))以及500 hPa副高范围(5 880 gpm等值线)。黑色、红色和蓝色线分别代表气候态、El Niño衰减年副高位置偏北组和偏南组的情况
Fig.4WPSH ridge line (solid lines; units: (°) ) and the500 hPa extent of the WPSH (5 880 gpm contour) during the quasi-stationary period of early summer from 1958 to 2020. The black, red, and blue lines represent the climatological mean, the northward-shifted and the southward-shifted WPSH years during early summer El Niño decay, respectively
图5对比了西太副高在初夏准静止时期500 hPa环流场的分布特征。在气候平均态下,西太副高在对流层中层的主体位于17°N以北、130°E以东的西北太平洋区域(图5a)。在El Niño衰减年副高脊线偏北组中,副高表现出明显地向西北方向扩展,影响范围更大(图5b); 而在偏南组中,副高主体则更偏向西南(图5c),该空间配置与图4所示的脊线位置特征一致。进一步对偏北组与偏南组的环流场进行差值分析发现,在西北太平洋北侧上空存在一个显著的反气旋性异常环流,而在南海上空至菲律宾一带则表现为较弱的气旋性异常环流。这一结果表明,在偏北组中,副高在20°N以北的强度明显强于偏南组(图5d)。
为进一步探究El Niño衰减年初夏副高在准静止时期脊线偏北组和偏南组的环流差异,图6给出了两组在对流层低层与中层的环流异常分布。在副高脊线偏北组中(图6a、6c),自对流层低层至中层,西北太平洋到东亚中纬度地区存在显著且一致的反气旋性异常环流——西北太平洋异常反气旋(western North Pacific anomalous anticyclone,WNPAAC); 该环流配置有利于西太副高北跳后维持在偏北的位置。比较而言,在副高脊线偏南组中,对流层低层环流异常呈现出“-+-”的空间模态,具体表现为日本海一带为显著的气旋性环流异常,西北太平洋为反气旋环流异常,同时在海洋性大陆附近为气旋性环流异常。整体分布形态类似于太平洋-日本遥相关型(P-J型或EAP型)(图6b)。在对流层中层,环流异常分布与低层相似,但强度有所减弱(图6d)。值得关注的是,与偏北组相比,偏南组中WNPAAC位于更低纬的位置,且日本附近存在强盛的气旋性环流异常。此种环流配置有利于将副高锁定在偏南的位置。
El Niño衰减年初夏西太副高脊线位置南北的差异对东亚降水异常分布具有重要影响(图7)。当副高脊线偏北时,正降水异常区域主要集中在长江以北; 而长江以南的中国华南、南海降水偏少(图7a)。这是由于偏北的副高有助于将水汽向较高纬度输送,从而使得长江以北降水增多,而副高主体控制的区域则因下沉气流增强而降水减少。与之相反,当副高脊线位于较南的位置时,正降水异常区域南压至长江以南直至东海一带; 长江以北降水明显偏少(图7b)。这是由于这种情况下的副高,会将丰沛的水汽限制在低纬度地区,更易造成长江以南多雨,形成与副高偏北年截然不同的降水异常分布型。因此,准确识别El Niño衰减年副高在初夏准静止时期脊线南北位置的差异,对中国初夏旱涝分布的预测与机理诊断具有重要的指示意义。
3 El Niño衰减年初夏西北太平洋异常反气旋差异的可能成因
根据上述分析可知,El Niño衰减年副高脊线南北位置差异主要与中低层的西北太平洋环流异常密切相关,尤其受到WNPAAC的显著影响。在El Niño衰减年初夏,当WNPAAC范围广阔且向北延伸至较高纬度时,有利于副高在准静止阶段位置偏北; 相反地,若WNPAAC向南收缩,范围偏小,则会导致副高在准静止阶段位置相应偏南。因此,为进一步理解副高位置差异的形成机制,有必要分析不同El Niño衰减年中WNPAAC特征差异的原因。
WNPAAC的形成与El Niño衰减期热带海温密切相关(Wang et al.,2000)。随着El Niño事件逐渐减弱,中东太平洋暖海温异常趋于消退。但是通过El Niño前期的大气桥过程(Alexander et al.,2002; Cai et al.,2019),北印度洋(North Indian Ocean,NIO)与热带北大西洋(Tropical North Atlantic,TNA)等洋盆在夏季出现显著增暖现象。这类暖海温异常可通过“电容器效应”激发并维持WNPAAC(Yang et al.,2007; Xie et al.,2009; Rong et al.,2010; Ham et al.,2013; Wang,2019; Feng and Chen,2021; 金大超等,2024)。因此,为探究不同El Niño衰减年WNPAAC差异的原因,本文首先对比分析副高偏北与偏南两种情形下,关键区海温异常的分布特征。
5初夏准静止时期500 hPa位势高度场(填色;单位:gpm)、风场(箭矢,风速大于1 m·s-1; 单位:m·s-1)、500 hPa副高范围(5 880 gpm等值线)及其准静止时期脊线(实线;单位:(°)):(a)1958—2020年气候态情况; (b)El Niño衰减年副高脊线偏北组情况; (c)El Niño衰减年副高脊线偏南组情况; (d)偏北组与偏南组的差值。黑色打点区域为500 hPa高度场通过置信度为95%的显著性检验,红色箭矢为500 hPa风速通过置信度为95%的显著性检验
Fig.5500 hPa geopotential height (shaded; units: gpm) , 500 hPa wind field (arrows, wind speed > 1 m·s-1; units: m·s-1) , the500 hPa extent of the WPSH (5 880 gpm contour) , and the WPSH ridge line (solid line; units: (°) ) during the quasi-stationary period of early summer: (a) climatological mean (1958—2020) ; (b) composite for El Niño decaying years with a northward-shifted WPSH; (c) composite for El Niño decaying years with a southward-shifted WPSH; (d) difference between the northward-and southward-shifted groups. Black dotted areas and red arrows indicate regions where the differences pass significance test at the95% confidence level
图8给出了不同El Niño衰减年初夏副高准静止时期的海温异常分布。在副高脊线偏北的年份中(图8a),TNA存在显著的暖海温异常,而中东太平洋则呈现偏冷状态,整体表现为La Niña型海温分布。相比之下,在副高脊线偏南的年份中(图8b),最显著的海温异常位于NIO,该区域增暖明显; 另外,太平洋区域亦出现了La Niña型海温分布,但其强度较副高偏北年明显偏弱。
进一步探讨El Niño衰减年副高脊线南北位置差异与海温异常及WNPAAC之间的关系。本文根据Gill-Matsuno模型,分析了热带海温异常通过对流活动对WNPAAC的影响(Matsuno,1966; Gill,1980)。图9给出了副高偏北组与偏南组850 hPa流函数与降水异常的分布。在副高偏北组中,TNA的暖海温异常引发其上空出现了显著的正降水异常(图9c)。如图9a所示,该正降水异常在热带大西洋的加热作用下,强迫出赤道对称的异常气旋环流对,其中赤道北侧异常气旋环流的西翼为异常东北风,将干冷空气输送到赤道东太平洋上空,抑制了中东太平洋区域对流发展,导致降水偏少(图9c)。关于中东太平洋负降水异常如何进一步影响西北太平洋对流活动,Feng and Chen(2021)通过大气环流模式模拟指出,依据质量守恒原则,该负异常会在其西侧诱发出低层辐合和正降水异常; 而该正异常又进一步在西北太平洋激发出低层辐散及负降水异常,且该过程易使负降水异常位置偏北。本研究结果与其结论一致。图9c显示,中东太平洋负降水异常西侧(图9c中紫框区域)存在明显的正降水异常(图9c中蓝框区域),依据质量守恒定律,西北太平洋上空出现大范围的负降水异常,并北延至约35°N(图9c中红框区域)。这一过程通过负降水异常的北移和异常反气旋的增强,形成了副高位于较高纬度位置的有利条件,从而有助于西太副高在准静止时期维持偏北位置。此外,热带海温异常通过影响大气环流,能够加剧这一反馈机制,进而影响异常反气旋的强度和位置(Li et al.,2017; Jiang et al.,2018; Yu et al.,2021)。同时,太平洋的La Niña型海温分布亦可强迫出WNPAAC,La Niña期间的海温异常通过与异常反气旋的相互作用,增强了WNPAAC的强度,进一步加剧了负降水异常的反馈作用,因此,有利于增强WNPAAC的强度(Xie and Wang,2020)。
6合成的El Niño衰减年初夏副高准静止时期850 hPa(a、b)以及500 hPa(c、d)位势高度异常(填色; 单位:gpm)和风场异常(箭矢,风速大于1 m·s-1,单位:m·s-1)的空间分布:(a、c)偏北组; (b、d)偏南组。打点区域为高度场通过置信度为90%的显著性检验,红色箭矢为风速通过置信度为90%的显著性检验
Fig.6Composite anomalies of geopotential height (shaded; units: gpm) and wind speed (arrows, wind speed > 1 m·s-1; units: m·s-1) at (a, b) 850 hPa and (c, d) 500 hPa during the quasi-stationary period of El Niño decaying early summer: (a, c) northward-shifted WPSH group; (b, d) southward-shifted WPSH group. Dotted areas and red arrows indicate values passing significance test at the90% confidence level
在El Niño衰减年副高脊线偏南的年份中,NIO存在显著的海表温度正异常。该暖海温通过Xie et al.(2009)提出的“电容器充放电”机制,在西北太平洋地区激发出反气旋环流异常。具体而言,NIO的暖海温激发大气Kelvin波东传,导致热带西太平洋低层出现显著的东风异常。该东风异常随纬度升高逐渐减弱,形成异常反气旋性垂直切变(图9b),进而抑制西北太平洋热带地区的对流活动(图9d)。Feng and Chen(2021)通过数值试验进一步指出,由于Kelvin波的活动范围主要局限于热带区域(一般在20°N以南),其所引起的西北太平洋对流抑制及负降水异常也主要集中于低纬地区(图9d)。因此,由位置偏南的负降水异常强迫激发的WNPAAC位置相应偏南,最终导致副高在准静止阶段更易维持在较低纬的位置。
7合成的El Niño衰减年初夏副高准静止时期降水异常(填色; 单位:mm·d-1):(a)偏北组; (b)偏南组。斜线区域通过置信度为90%的显著性检验
Fig.7Composite precipitation anomalies (shaded; units: mm·d-1) during the quasi-stationary period of the WPSH in El Niño decaying early summer: (a) northward-shifted WPSH group; (b) southward-shifted WPSH group. Hatched areas indicate anomalies passing significance test at the90% confidence level
8合成的El Niño衰减年初夏副高准静止时期海温异常分布(填色;单位:℃):(a)偏北组; (b)偏南组。打点区域通过置信度为90%的显著性检验
Fig.8Composite sea surface temperature anomalies (shaded; units:℃) during the quasi-stationary period of the WPSH in El Niño decaying early summer: (a) northward-shifted WPSH group; (b) southward-shifted WPSH group. Dotted areas indicate SST anomalies passing significance test at the90% confidence level
4 结论与讨论
本文分析了El Niño衰减年初夏西太平洋副热带高压在其准静止阶段南北位置差异及其对降水的影响,并进一步揭示了导致该位置差异的物理机制。
当El Niño衰减年西太副高在准静止阶段偏北时,其脊线位置显著偏北,强度较气候平均态偏强,形态上表现为明显西伸和北进。在对流层中低层异常环流场上,西北太平洋区域存在一个强盛且范围广阔的异常反气旋环流(即WNPAAC),其向北可延伸至35°N以北。该异常环流型有利于将西太副高维持在偏北的位置。相应地,副高会引导更多水汽向较高纬度输送,最终导致El Niño衰减年初夏长江以北降水偏多、华南地区降水偏少的空间分布型。比较而言,当副高脊线位置在准静止时期位于较低纬度时,其强度较偏北组减弱,主体位置更偏向西南。在异常环流场上,西北太平洋为异常反气旋环流,南北两侧分别存在气旋性环流异常,整体呈P-J型(又称EAP型)分布。值得注意的是,该情形下的WNPAAC有利于将副高锁定在偏南的位置。在此环流配置下,水汽输送主要集中于低纬度地区,造成长江以南降水增多,而长江以北降水则相对偏少。
9合成的El Niño衰减年初夏副高准静止时期850 hPa流函数(填色,单位:106 m2·s-1)和风场(箭矢,风速大于1 m·s-1,单位:m·s-1)异常(a、b)以及降水异常(c、d;填色;单位:mm·d-1):(a、c)偏北组,(b、d)偏南组。图a、b中的打点区域和红色箭矢分别表示流函数和850 hPa风场通过置信度为90%的显著性检验。图c、d中的斜线表示降水场通过置信度为90%的显著性检验
Fig.9Composite anomalies during the quasi-stationary period of the WPSH in El Niño decaying early summer: (a, b) 850 hPa stream function (shaded; units: 106 m2·s-1) and wind speed (arrows, wind speed>1 m·s-1; units:m·s-1) ; (c, d) precipitation (shaded; units: mm·d-1) . Panels (a, c) correspond to the northward-shifted WPSH group, and (b, d) correspond to the southward-shifted WPSH group. In (a, b) , dotted areas and red arrows indicate values passing significance test at the90% confidence level. In (c, d) , hatched areas indicate values passing significance test at the90% confidence level
在El Niño衰减年初夏副高准静止阶段南北位置差异的形成机制中,WNPAAC起着关键作用。WNPAAC的位置和范围直接影响西太副高的位置差异。进一步分析表明,WNPAAC特征的差异主要是由于不同El Niño衰减年初夏期间海温异常强迫的不同。在副高脊线偏北组中,TNA暖海温异常激发出的西传Rossby波,抑制了中东太平洋地区的对流活动。随后,通过太平洋上空一系列的“辐合-辐散”链式响应过程,TNA的暖海温异常最终在西北太平洋地区引发显著的负降水异常,其影响范围北延至35°N左右。该偏北的负降水异常强迫产生位置偏北的WNPAAC,进而导致副高在准静止阶段位置偏北。相比之下,在El Niño衰减年副高脊线偏南时,NIO暖海温异常在WNPAAC形成中至关重要。NIO的异常暖海温通过激发东传Kelvin波,在热带西太平洋区域产生负降水异常,从而激发出WNPAAC。由于Kelvin波的活动范围主要局限于热带区域,其导致的负降水异常通常位于低纬度地区,使得WNPAAC位置偏南,有利于进一步将西太副高锁定在低纬度地区。
本研究揭示了El Niño衰减年初夏西太副高在准静止阶段南北位置差异的特征及其成因,分析了“海温-对流-环流”链在副高位置调控中的关键作用。该认识不仅深化了对El Niño衰减年气候影响过程的理解,而且为东亚夏季降水和极端气候事件的预测提供了重要的科学参考。
由于本文主要聚焦于El Niño衰减年初夏时段的副高活动,未来可进一步研究副高第二次北跳后准静止时期(华北雨季)南北位置的差异成因及其对中国气候的影响,以提升对夏季气候预测能力的理解。
致谢:本研究得到了国家重大科技基础设施“地球系统数值模拟装置”(https://cstr.cn/31134.02.EL)提供的技术支持。谨致谢忱!
1El Niño衰减年初夏副高准静止时期的降水异常(填色; 单位:mm·d-1)和500 hPa副高范围(5 880 gpm等值线)及其脊线(5 880 gpm等值线内部实线; 单位:(°)),其中黑线、红线、蓝线分别代表气候平均(1958—2020年6月5日—7月15日)、2003年(6月10日—8月4日;a)以及1995年(5月26日—7月20日; b)的情况
Fig.1Precipitation anomalies (shaded; units: mm·d-1) during the quasi-stationary period of the WPSH in El Niño decaying early summer, together with the500 hPa extent of the WPSH (5 880 gpm contour) and its ridge line (solid line; units: (°) ) . The black, red, and blue lines represent the climatological mean (June5—July 15, 1958—2020) , (a) the year 2003 (10 June—4 August) , and (b) the year 1995 (26 May—20 July) , respectively
21958—2020夏季气候态逐候脊线指数(黑线;单位:(°))和脊线指数经向位置候变化量(蓝色柱体;单位:(°))。横坐标为某月第几候(如5-1表示5月第1候); 红、蓝实线分别代表第一次、第二次北跳时间,红、蓝虚线分别表示20°N、27°N
Fig.2Summer ridge-line index of the WPSH (black line; units: (°) ) and pentad variations in the meridional displacement of the ridge-line index (blue bars; units: (°) ) during1958—2020. The x-axis indicates pentad sequence (e.g., 5-1 denotes the first pentad of May) . The red and blue solid lines denote the first and second northward jumps, respectively. The red and blue dashed lines indicate20°N and 27°N, respectively
31958—2020初夏准静止时期平均的副高脊线指数异常序列(灰线;单位:(°))。黑色实线为滤波后的副高脊线指数异常序列,红色虚线代表0.5个标准差,蓝色虚线代表-0.5个标准差;红色和蓝色圆点分别代表选定的El Niño衰减年副高位置偏北组和偏南组
Fig.3Time series of mean WPSH ridge-line index anomalies during the quasi-stationary period of early summer from 1958 to 2020 (gray line; units: (°) ) . The black solid line shows the filtered ridgeline index anomalies. The red and blue dashed line indicate thresholds of +0.5 and-0.5 standard deviations, respectively. Red and blue dots represent selected El Niño decaying years for the northward-shifted and southward-shifted WPSH groups, respectively
41958—2020年初夏副高准静止时期脊线(实线;单位:(°))以及500 hPa副高范围(5 880 gpm等值线)。黑色、红色和蓝色线分别代表气候态、El Niño衰减年副高位置偏北组和偏南组的情况
Fig.4WPSH ridge line (solid lines; units: (°) ) and the500 hPa extent of the WPSH (5 880 gpm contour) during the quasi-stationary period of early summer from 1958 to 2020. The black, red, and blue lines represent the climatological mean, the northward-shifted and the southward-shifted WPSH years during early summer El Niño decay, respectively
5初夏准静止时期500 hPa位势高度场(填色;单位:gpm)、风场(箭矢,风速大于1 m·s-1; 单位:m·s-1)、500 hPa副高范围(5 880 gpm等值线)及其准静止时期脊线(实线;单位:(°)):(a)1958—2020年气候态情况; (b)El Niño衰减年副高脊线偏北组情况; (c)El Niño衰减年副高脊线偏南组情况; (d)偏北组与偏南组的差值。黑色打点区域为500 hPa高度场通过置信度为95%的显著性检验,红色箭矢为500 hPa风速通过置信度为95%的显著性检验
Fig.5500 hPa geopotential height (shaded; units: gpm) , 500 hPa wind field (arrows, wind speed > 1 m·s-1; units: m·s-1) , the500 hPa extent of the WPSH (5 880 gpm contour) , and the WPSH ridge line (solid line; units: (°) ) during the quasi-stationary period of early summer: (a) climatological mean (1958—2020) ; (b) composite for El Niño decaying years with a northward-shifted WPSH; (c) composite for El Niño decaying years with a southward-shifted WPSH; (d) difference between the northward-and southward-shifted groups. Black dotted areas and red arrows indicate regions where the differences pass significance test at the95% confidence level
6合成的El Niño衰减年初夏副高准静止时期850 hPa(a、b)以及500 hPa(c、d)位势高度异常(填色; 单位:gpm)和风场异常(箭矢,风速大于1 m·s-1,单位:m·s-1)的空间分布:(a、c)偏北组; (b、d)偏南组。打点区域为高度场通过置信度为90%的显著性检验,红色箭矢为风速通过置信度为90%的显著性检验
Fig.6Composite anomalies of geopotential height (shaded; units: gpm) and wind speed (arrows, wind speed > 1 m·s-1; units: m·s-1) at (a, b) 850 hPa and (c, d) 500 hPa during the quasi-stationary period of El Niño decaying early summer: (a, c) northward-shifted WPSH group; (b, d) southward-shifted WPSH group. Dotted areas and red arrows indicate values passing significance test at the90% confidence level
7合成的El Niño衰减年初夏副高准静止时期降水异常(填色; 单位:mm·d-1):(a)偏北组; (b)偏南组。斜线区域通过置信度为90%的显著性检验
Fig.7Composite precipitation anomalies (shaded; units: mm·d-1) during the quasi-stationary period of the WPSH in El Niño decaying early summer: (a) northward-shifted WPSH group; (b) southward-shifted WPSH group. Hatched areas indicate anomalies passing significance test at the90% confidence level
8合成的El Niño衰减年初夏副高准静止时期海温异常分布(填色;单位:℃):(a)偏北组; (b)偏南组。打点区域通过置信度为90%的显著性检验
Fig.8Composite sea surface temperature anomalies (shaded; units:℃) during the quasi-stationary period of the WPSH in El Niño decaying early summer: (a) northward-shifted WPSH group; (b) southward-shifted WPSH group. Dotted areas indicate SST anomalies passing significance test at the90% confidence level
9合成的El Niño衰减年初夏副高准静止时期850 hPa流函数(填色,单位:106 m2·s-1)和风场(箭矢,风速大于1 m·s-1,单位:m·s-1)异常(a、b)以及降水异常(c、d;填色;单位:mm·d-1):(a、c)偏北组,(b、d)偏南组。图a、b中的打点区域和红色箭矢分别表示流函数和850 hPa风场通过置信度为90%的显著性检验。图c、d中的斜线表示降水场通过置信度为90%的显著性检验
Fig.9Composite anomalies during the quasi-stationary period of the WPSH in El Niño decaying early summer: (a, b) 850 hPa stream function (shaded; units: 106 m2·s-1) and wind speed (arrows, wind speed>1 m·s-1; units:m·s-1) ; (c, d) precipitation (shaded; units: mm·d-1) . Panels (a, c) correspond to the northward-shifted WPSH group, and (b, d) correspond to the southward-shifted WPSH group. In (a, b) , dotted areas and red arrows indicate values passing significance test at the90% confidence level. In (c, d) , hatched areas indicate values passing significance test at the90% confidence level
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